Linking ideas and giving opinions
Joining ideas with が for "but" and から for "because", and at Higher listing reasons with し and giving an opinion with とおもいます.
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Linking ideas and giving opinions, explained point by point
Everything the GCSE specification expects you to be able to do, and how to actually do it - the same lesson a signed-in student studies from.
Join sentences with そして and それから
そして means and, and それから means and then. Both start the next sentence: えきへ 行きました。 それから、 でんしゃに のりました。 They help a run of short sentences read as one account.
Say but with が and でも
が after the first half of a sentence means but: 日本語は むずかしいですが、 おもしろいです。 でも means but at the start of a new sentence: むずかしいです。 でも、 たのしいです。
Give a reason with から
Put the reason first, with から straight after it, then the result: しゅくだいが たくさん ありますから、 今日は 出かけません。 Notice that から comes after the reason, where English puts because before it. だから (so) at the start of a sentence does the same job: さむいです。 だから、 家に います。
Add a reason after your main sentence
You can also give the result first and add the reason as a second sentence ending in から: ピザが すきです。 チーズが だいすきですから。 This is how you answer どうして: どうしてですか。 たのしいですから。
Give opinions with すき, きらい and adjectives
〜が すきです and 〜が だいすきです say what you like or love, and 〜が きらいです what you dislike. An adjective gives a quick judgement: おもしろいです, つまらないです, たのしかったです. Add a reason with から, because the speaking and writing marks reward opinions you explain.
Give an opinion with と思いますHigher only
と思います means I think that, and it follows a plain form: a verb (行くと 思います), an い-adjective (楽しいと 思います), or a noun or な-adjective with だ (大切だと 思います). To say you think something is not so, make the first part negative: むずかしくないと 思います.
List reasons with しHigher only
し after a plain form lists reasons, like and what's more: 安いし、 おいしいし、 この 店に よく 来ます。 Use it for two or more reasons that point the same way. With a noun or a な-adjective, add だ: しずかだし.
Linking ideas and giving opinions key terms
The words the specification and the mark schemes use, each defined the way an examiner wants it.
- が (but)
- Joins two halves of a sentence that contrast: 〜ですが、 〜.
- でも
- But, at the start of a new sentence.
- から (because)
- Comes after a reason to show why: たのしいですから.
- だから
- So, at the start of a sentence that follows a reason.
- そして
- And, at the start of a sentence.
- それから
- And then, or after that, at the start of a sentence.
- Justification
- The reason you give for an opinion. The speaking and writing mark grids reward opinions you justify.
- と思いますHigher only
- I think that, after a plain form: いいと 思います.
- しHigher only
- Lists reasons one after another: 〜し、 〜し.
Common mistakes in Linking ideas and giving opinions
The slips that cost marks year after year, and what to do instead.
Putting から in front of the reason, the way English puts because.
から comes after the reason: たのしいですから、 すきです. Read it as the reason, then from that, the result.
Starting a new sentence with が to mean but.
が joins two halves of one sentence: 〜ですが、 〜. To begin a new sentence with but, use でも.
Using と to join two sentences or two actions, as in すしを 食べました と えいがを 見ました.
と only joins nouns. To link sentences, use そして or それから; to link actions in one sentence, use the te-form: すしを 食べて、 えいがを 見ました.
Putting だ after an い-adjective before と思います, as in 楽しいだと 思います.Higher only
い-adjectives go straight in: 楽しいと 思います. Only nouns and な-adjectives take だ: 大切だと 思います.
Putting a polite verb before と思います, as in 行きますと 思います.Higher only
The verb before と思います is plain: 行くと 思います, 行かないと 思います. The politeness is already in 思います.
Practice
Try a Linking ideas and giving opinions question
A GCSE-style original question from this topic. Have a go before you open the working - deciding on an answer first is what makes the working stick.
Which pair of words completes the account? きのうは 友だちと 町へ 行きました。 ___、 デパートで くつを かいました。 ___、 たかかったです。
- でも、それから
- が、から
- それから、でも
- そして、だから
Show the answer and the working
Answer: それから、でも
それから moves on to the next event, buying shoes, and でも adds a contrast: but they were expensive.
- First: you went to town.
- Next: you bought shoes, それから.
- But they were expensive: でも.